Tuesday, May 11, 2021

Vachan badlo class 6th

 एक वचन बहु वचन

कक्षा 6 


वचन किसे कहते हैं?


संज्ञा या सर्वनाम शब्द के जिस रूप से उसकी संख्या का पता चले, वह वचन कहलाता है।

वचन के भेद – वचन दो प्रकार के होते हैं।
CBSE Class 6 Hindi Grammar वचन

 

  1. एकवचन – संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के जिस रूप से किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के एक होने का बोध होता है, उसे एक वचन कहते हैं; जैसे-कपड़ा, स्त्री, बकरी, पुस्तक, कीड़ा, पत्ता, पंखा आदि।
  2. बहुवचन – संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के जिस रूप से किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के एक से अधिक होने का बोध होता है, उसे बहुवचन कहते हैं; जैसे-लड़के, घोड़े, साड़ियाँ, नदियाँ, सड़कें आदि।

वचन बदलने के कुछ नियम

1. आकारांत पुल्लिंग शब्दों के अंतिम ‘आ’ को ‘ए’ और ‘एँ’ में बदलने से बहुवचन बनता है; जैसे

पंखा
लोटा
केले
माता
सूचना
कथा
पंखे
लोटे
केले
माताएँ
सूचनाएँ
कथाएँ
पुस्तक
हरा
किताब
कक्षा
लता
बालिका
पुस्तकें
हरे
किताबें
कक्षाएँ
लताएँ
बालिकाएँ
घोड़ा
छोटा
बहन
कामना
पुस्तक
कन्या
घोडे
छोटे
बहनें
कामनाएँ
पुस्तिकाएँ
कन्याएँ

2. इकारांत तथा ईकारांत स्त्रीलिंग शब्दों के अंत में याँ जोड़ने तथा अंत के दीर्घ स्वर को ह्रस्व करने से बहुवचन हो जाता है; जैसे

स्त्री
पूरी
देवी
मछली
पत्ती
रोटी
स्त्रियाँ
पूरियाँ
देवियाँ
मछलियाँ
पत्तियाँ
रोटियाँ
मकड़ी
कमी
छुट्टी
गली
साड़ी
नदी
मकड़ियाँ
कमियाँ
छुट्टियाँ
गलियाँ
साड़ियाँ
नदियाँ
नारी
रानी
रीति
कुरसी
टोपी
लिपि
नारियाँ
रानियाँ
रीतियाँ
कुरसियाँ
टोपियाँ
लिपियाँ

3. उकारांत तथा ऊकारांत शब्दों के अंत में भी ‘एँ’ जोड़ने तथा शब्द के अंत के दीर्घ स्वर ‘ऊ’ को ‘उ’ करने से; जैसे

वस्तुवस्तुएँबहुबहुएँधेनुधेनुएँ

4. उकारांत, ऊकारांत तथा औकारांत शब्दों के अंत में ‘एँ’ जोड़कर भी बहुवचन बनाए जाते हैं।

वस्तु
गौ
वस्तुएँ
गौएँ
वधू
बहू
वधुएँ
बहुएँ
 धेनु
ऋतु
धेनुएँ
ऋतुएँ

5. ‘या’ शब्दांत वचन परिवर्तन के समय याँ हो जाता है। जैसे

गुड़िया
चुहिया
बछिया
गुड़ियाँ
चुहियाँ
बछियाँ
चिड़िया
बंदरिया
चिड़ियाँ
बंदरियाँ
बुढ़िया
खटिया
बुढ़ियाँ
खटियाँ

6. हिंदी भाषा में बहुत से बहुवचन, एकवचन के अंत में गण, वृंद, जन, वर्ग, दल, लोग आदि शब्द लगाकर भी बनाए जाते हैं। जैसे

कवि
विद्यार्थी
पक्षी
प्रिये
नर्तक
हम
कर्मचारी
कविगण
विद्यार्थीगण
पक्षीवृंद
प्रियजन
नर्तकदल
हमलोग
कर्मचारीगण
मुनि
पाठक
खग
मंत्री
अमीर
आप
मुनिगण
पाठकगण
खगवृंद
मंत्रीगण
अमीर लोग
आपलोग
शिक्षक
छात्र
गुरु
सैनिक
गरीब
मित्र
शिक्षकगण
छात्रगण
गुरुजन
सैनिक दल
गरीब लोग
मित्रगण

आदर प्रकट करने के लिए एकवचन संज्ञा के साथ बहुवचन क्रिया लगाई जाती है; जैसे-श्री राम पिता की आज्ञा से वन चले गए। बापू एक महान व्यक्ति थे। कुछ शब्द सदैव बहुवचन में प्रयुक्त होते हैं।
जैसे दर्शन–तुम्हारे दर्शन कब होंगे? लोग-लोग चले गए। कुछ शब्द सदैव एकवचन में प्रयुक्त होते हैं।
जैसे-जनता मैदान में खड़ी है। पानी-पानी बह रहा है।

विशेष – कुछ शब्द ऐसे भी हैं, जो एकवचन तथा बहुवचन में सदैव एक समान रहते हैं; जैसे—हाथी, घर, आज, कल, दूध, पानी, घी, तेल, चाय आदि।
अगर शब्द-युग्म (जोड़े) दिए गए हों तो उनके बहुवचन बनाते समय यह ध्यान देना जरूरी है कि दोनों शब्दों के वचन न बदलकर केवल अंतिम शब्द का ही वचन-परिवर्तन होगा। जैसे-भाई, बहन (भाई-बहनों) भेड़-बकरी (भेड़-बकरियाँ)।
इसी प्रकार अकारांत, तत्सम, आकारांत, इकारांत, उकारांत और ऊकारांत शब्द एकवचन और बहुवचन में समान रहते हैं;
जैसे-पर्वत, घर, कवि, मुनि, हाथी, साथी, भाई, साधु, चाँद, सूर्य, चंद्रमा, महात्मा, प्रभु, हार, डाकू आदि।
संबोधन कारक में जब किसी संज्ञा के साथ ने, को, से आदि परसर्ग लगे तो उनमें ‘ओ’ लगाकर बहुवचन बनाया जाता है। जैसे

बहनो एवं भाइयो, लड़के ने – लड़कों ने
देवियो एवं सज्जनो, नदी को – नदियों को वचन से – वचनों से।

Sunday, May 9, 2021

Three Questions class 7th

 

Three Questions

story 

Tulip Series Book VII


 

Three Questions

 

The thought came to a certain king that he would never fail if he knew three things. These three things were: What is the right time to begin something? Which people should he listen to? What is the most important thing for him to do?

The king, therefore, sent messengers throughout his kingdom, promising a large sum of money to anyone who would answer these three questions.

Many wise men came to the king, but they all answered his questions differently.

In reply to the first question, some said the king must prepare a timetable, and then follow it strictly. Only in this way, they said, he could do everything at its proper time. Others said that it was impossible to decide in advance the right time for doing something. The king should notice all that was going on, avoid foolish pleasure, and always do whatever seemed necessary at that time. Yet others said that the king needed a council of wise men who would help him act at the proper time. 

This was because one man would find it impossible to decide correctly, without help from others, the right time for every action. But then others said that there were some things which could be urgent. These things could not wait for the decision of the council. In order to decide the right time for doing something, it is necessary to look into the future. And only magicians could do that. The king, therefore, would have to go to magicians. In their answers to the second question, some said that the people most necessary to the king were his councillors; others said, the priests. A few others chose the doctors. And yet others said that his soldiers were the most necessary. To the third question, some said science. Others chose fighting, and yet others religious worship. As the answers to his questions were so different, the king was not satisfied and gave no reward. Instead, he decided to seek the advice of a certain hermit, who was widely known for his wisdom. 

The hermit lived in a wood which he never left. He saw no one but simple people, and so the king put on ordinary clothes. Before he reached the hermit's hut, the king left his horse with his bodyguard and went on alone. 

As the king came near the hermit's hut, he saw the hermit digging the ground in front of his hut. He greeted the king and continued digging. The hermit was old and weak, and as he worked, he breathed heavily. 

The king went up to the hermit and said, “I have come to you, wise hermit, to ask you to answer three questions: How can I learn to do the right things at the right time? Who are the people I need most? And what affairs are the most important?” 

The hermit listened to the king, but did not speak. He went on “digging, “You are tired,” said the king. “Let me take the spade and work in your place.”

“Thanks,” said the hermit, giving the king his spade. Then he sat down on the ground.

 

When the king had dug two beds, he stopped and repeated his questions. The hermit gave no answer, but stood up, stretching out his hand for the spade, and said, “Now you rest, and let me work.”

 But the king did not give him the spade and continued to dig. 

One hour passed, then another. The sun went down behind the trees, and at last the king stuck the spade into the ground and said, “I came to you, wise man, for an answer to my questions. If you can give me no answer, tell me so and I will return home.” 

“Here comes someone running,” said the hermit. 

The king turned round and saw a bearded man running towards them. His hands were pressed against his stomach, from which blood was flowing. When he reached the king, he fainted and fell to the ground. The king and the hermit removed the man's clothing and found a large wound in his stomach. The king washed and covered it with his handkerchief, but the blood would not stop flowing. The king re-dressed the wound until at last the bleeding stopped.

The man felt better and asked for something to drink. The king brought fresh water and gave it to him. By this time the sun had set and the air was cool. The king with the hermit's help carried the wounded man into the hut and laid him on the bed, The man closed his eyes and lay quiet. The king, tired by his walk and the work he had done, lay down on the floor and slept through the night. When he awoke, it was several minutes before he could remember where he was or who the strange bearded man lying on the bed was. 

“Forgive me!” said the bearded man in a weak voice, when he saw that the king was awake. 

“I do not know you and have nothing to forgive you for,” said the king. 

“You do not know me, but I know you. I am that enemy of yours who swore revenge on you, because you put my brother to death and seized my property. I knew you had gone alone to see that hermit, and I made up my mind to kill you on your way home, But the day passed and you did not return. So I left my hiding-place, and I came upon your bodyguard, who recognized me and wounded me. I escaped from him but I should have died if you had not dressed my wounds. I wished to kill you, and you have saved my life. Now, if I live, I will serve you as your most faithful servant and will - order my sons to do the same, Forgive me!”  

The king was very happy to have made peace with his enemy so easily, and to have won him over as a friend. He not only forgave him but said he would send his servants and his own doctor to look after him, and he promised to give back the man his property. 

Leaving the wounded man, the king went out of the hut and looked round for the hermit. Before going away he wished once more to get answers to his questions. The hermit was on his knees sowing seeds in the beds that had been dug the day before. The king went up to the hermit and said, “For the last time I beg you to answer my questions, wise man." 

“You have already been answered!" said the hermit : till bending down to the ground and looking up at the king as he stood before him. 

“How have I been answered? What do you mean?” 

“Do you not see?” replied the hermit. “If you had not pitied my weakness yesterday and had not dug these beds for me, you would have gone away. Then that man would have attacked you and you would have wished you had stayed with me. So the most important time was when you were - digging the beds. And I was the most important man, and to do me good was your most important business. Afterwards, when the man ran to us, the most important time was when you were caring for him, because if you had not dressed his wounds he would have died without having made peace with you. So he was the most important man, and what you did for him was your most important business. “Remember then, there is only one time that is important and that time is ‘Now’. It is the most important time because it is the only time we have any power to act.

The most necessary person is the person you are with at a particular moment, for no one knows what will happen in the future and whether we will meet anyone else. The most important business is to do that person good, because we were sent into this world for that purpose alone.”

 

                                                                            -Leo Tolstoy (retold)

 


 

 

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