Global Warming class8th Tulip Series

Global Warming (Inam-Ur-Rehman)

An English lesson by 

CHANDER UDAY SINGH

Class 8th English

 Lesson 3

WORKING WITH TEXT

Q1. Why has the earth’s average surface temperature increased?

Ans. The earth’s average surface temperature has increased due to the global warming which has increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere produced by the human activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels.

Q2. Why the Himalayan region is called the ‘Water Tower of Asia’?

Ans. The Himalayan Region is covered of about 33000 sq km by glaciers which act as a mother to several streams and rivers and support economy and livelihood to millions of people in several countries of Asia, so it is called the ‘Water Tower of Asia’.

Q3. What are the main sources of water in the Kashmir valley?

Ans. Flood-plain lakes, high altitude Himalayan lakes, perennial rivers of Indus system, wet lands of different dimensions, ponds, snow-fed streams, springs, reservoirs are the main source of water in the Kashmir Valley.

Q4. Why is water the most precious natural resource?

Ans. Water is the most precious natural resource because it saves our lives in many ways, such as, we drink it because we cannot live without it, it helps in the economy, development, livelihood and mainly it keeps us clean from dust and dirt. It is used to generate electricity, in other words, it brights up our dark rooms. It is used for agriculture so that we can get two time meals. It is really a precious natural resource.

Q5. How has Kashmir been influenced by global warming?

Ans. Kashmir has been badly influenced by the global warming. Since last two decades many changes have been seen and witnessed in the valley Kashmir. Water is becoming scarce day by day due to the melting of Kolhai Glacier, the main source of water in Kashmir. The climate has totally been changed. It is difficult to distinguish between spring, summer and winter. Wet lands that were a part of water for irrigation in Kashmir, have been concretized. It has also reduced the production of crops

.

Q6. How is global warming the largest threat to the humanity?

Ans. Global Warming is the largest threat not only to the humanity but also to all living organisms. Due to global warming, largest glaciers are melting, which will cause the rise in the sea level and the change in the precipitation in air and certainly seasonal change. The weather will change from moderate to hot. This will lead to droughts and lesser production of agricultural yields. It will also lead to natural disasters. It has affected the livelihood of human. It has adversely affected the humanity and will continuously affect it, if not controlled in time.

Q7. What do you think is the cause of decrease in snowfall in Kashmir?

Ans. As we know that global warming changes the precipitation in the air, this leads to change in weather and climate to extreme weather. So we think that global warming is the cause of decrease in snowfall in Kashmir.

Q8. What has been the impact of global warming on J & K so far?

Ans. Global warming has adverse impact on J & K, because the demarcation between seasons that was well defined a decade ago, has vanished. It is now difficult to distinguish between autumn and winter. Its impact can be seen on the glaciers that are continuously melting. High velocity storms are another factor of global warming in Jammu & Kashmir.

Q9. What role do the scientists play in J & K to deal with the problem of global warming?

Ans. Scientists have considered the Kolhai glacier as one of the index glacier in the Lidder Valley. It has been selected for long term monitoring. This Glacier is the water resource of whole community in this valley, so they have indexed a glacier in this region for assessing water resource availability for them. Scientific studies conducted on the glacier will last for five years after which TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute J&K) will recommend measures to bring down the glaciers recession rate.

Q10. What do we, as individuals, need to do deal with the problem of global warming?

Ans. As individuals, we should try to make awareness among the people about the drastic effects of global warming. Even individual should try to minimize the exhaust of the greenhouse gases.

LANGUAGE WORK

I. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with appropriate compound word/s or phrases from the box below:

White House/white house, Green House/greenhouse, Black box/black box, Strong hold/stronghold, White-collar/whitecollar

1. a) We live in a beautiful Green House.

    b) My uncle has built a greenhouse next to his house, where he grows vegetables in winter.

2. a) Most PhD’s only prefer white-collar jobs.

    b) He was wearing a pink shirt with a whitecollar.

3. a) We live in the white house near the mosque.

    b) The president of America lives in the White House.

4. a) My wife keeps her jewellery in a black box.

    b) The black box has been found. It will now be possible to find out why the plane crashed.

5. a) He has strong hold on his wife.

    b) The southern part of the state is a stronghold of the robbers.

II. Use the following phrases or expressions from the lesson in your own sentences;

Ans. In progress: The game was already in progress when I tuned in.

Uncontrollable rate: The birth rate in the state is increasing at uncontrollable rate.

Across the globe: Global warming is a major threat across the globe.

In the backdrop of: State employees are not well satisfied in the backdrop of state economy.

At an alarming rate: Glaciers are receding at an alarming rate.

An irritating change: Pollution leads to an irritating change in environment.

Bereft of: People, are bereft of the cause of global warming.

Dried up: Most of the springs in the valley have dried up due to the global warming,

At the global level: We should find the measures at the global level to control the global warming.

Heavy burden: If global warming is not controlled at an earliest, it will be a heavy burden on the shoulders of every individual in near future.

III. Choose the synonym of the word from the four options given:

1. Sporadic rise in his temperature has caused us much worry.

a. Frequent       b. irksome      c. irregular         d. scattered

Ans.   c. Irregular

2. Reading of poetry is not congenial to his state.

a. Suited         b. Beneficial      c. Helpful      d. Preferable

Ans.   a. Suited

3. The weavers have to do monotonous work.

a. Repetitive    b. exhaustive     c. irksome     d. autonomous

Ans. a. Repetitive

4. The fishing pulled away from the wharf and chugged smoothly down the bay.

a. harbor      b. shore      c. quay        c. ager

Ans. c. Quay

GRAMMAR WORK

In the following sentences, use either infinitive or gerund in order to make them correct:

1. Laughing is good for health. (to laugh / laughing)

2. Our turn being over, we left the library. (be / being)

3. The old woman tried to go to the hospital alone. (to go/ going)

4. Being late for school is his habit. (to be / being)

5. Hina, having completed her work, left home. (to have / having)

6. Listening music is her hobby. (to listen / listening)

7. I liked to read Arabic literature. (to read / reading)

8. His only aim was to cheat. (to cheat / cheating)

9. Fishing is not allowed here. (to fish / fishing)

10. Children love to make mud houses. (to make / making)

RUSTUM AND SOHRAB, CLASS 8TH TULIP SERIES BOOK VIII

Rustum and Sohrab (An Iranian Story)

 : Class 8th : English : Short Stories

Rustum And Sohrab 

WORKING WITH TEXT

A. Answer the following questions:

Q1. Why was Rustum not able to live with his wife for a long time?

Ans. Rustum was not able to stay with his wife because the king of Persia called him back as he felt unsafe without Rustum. Rustum was called ‘the shield of Persia’, so he had to go away from his wife who was then in a family way.

Q2. Why did Tanimeh send word to Rustum that their child was daughter?

Ans. Tanimeh knew that when the boy grew up, Rustum would be eager to have him follow in his footsteps, in this way she would lose her son like she lost her husband, so she sent word to Rustum that their child was a daughter.

Q3. What secret did Sohrab learn from his mother?

Ans. Sohrab learned the secret of his father’s name that had been hidden from him by his mother for some reasons.

Q4. What did Tanimeh want Sohrab to do when he met his father?

Ans. Tanimeh wanted Sohrab to show his father the precious stone that he had worn on his arm because this stone was given to her by Rustum, Sohrab’s father. By doing that his father would easily recognize him.

Q5. Why was Rustum at first not ready to fight Sohrab?

Ans. Rustum was too old to fight a young brave man and he had an aged father to look after. So he refused to fight with Sohrab.

Q6. Why did Rustum not tell Sohrab who he was?

Ans. Rustum thought that the young man was trying to be clever. If he told the truth, Sohrab might want to make peace with him and withdraw from the fight.

Q7. How was Sohrab wounded?

Ans. When Rustum shouted his usual war cry, Sohrab was unnerved and he dropped his shield. Rustum’s sword pierced his side and he sank to the ground. In this way he was wounded.

Q8. What were Sohrab’s last words?

Ans. While Sohrab lay dying he told his father to take him to home and burry there, so that people pass by will said that, Sohrab, the mighty Rustum’s son, lies there, Whom his father did in ignorance kill.

B. Find words/phrases given below for the following expressions:

Break down, precious, mighty, bury, combat, send word, invader, chief, protect, send for, parting, determined, strong-minded

a. A fight, especially in a war.      ----------------------------------------------------------      Combat

b. To keep somebody/something safe from harm, injury etc. --------------------------      Protect

c. Going away or separating from somebody. --------------------------------------------      Parting

d. To send someone a message.   -----------------------------------------------------------      Send word

e. Wanting to do something very much regardless of difficulties. ---------------------      Strong-minded

f. Determined to do something or get something. ----------------------------------------      Determined

g. Someone who enters a country by force in order to take control of it. -------------      Invader

h. A long distance away or a long time in the past or future. ----------------------------     Distant

i. To become very upset and start crying.  --------------------------------------------------    Break down

j. Of great and special value.  ----------------------------------------------------------------     Precious

k. An officer of very high rank in the army.   ----------------------------------------------     Chief

l. Put a dead body in grave. ------------------------------------------------------------------     Bury

m. Very powerful.   ----------------------------------------------------------------------------    Mighty

n. To call someone back. ----------------------------------------------------------------------   Send for

C. Choose the correct option:

1. “Persia is safe as long as Rustum leads our soldiers,” said The King of Persia

2. “I do not fight in single combat with anyone who is of low birth,” These words are spoken by The Challenger.

3. “If you must go, I want to tell you something.” Said Tanimeh

4. “Who is so rash and thoughtless that he thinks he can attack Persia?” asked Kaikoos

5. “Carry me to your home and bury me there.” These words are spoken by Sohrab

D. Match the words in Column A with the explanations given in Column B:

Ans.     

                                               

Column A

Column B

 

a. War cry	a word or cry shouted in battle.
b. Challenger	one who calls someone for fight.
c. Arts of war	skill in use of weapons and in fighting.
d. Champion	one who fights for or defends some other person.
e. Swordsmanship	skill in the use of sword.
f. Spirit	quality of courage and vigor.
g. Terror	great fear.
h. Clasp	hold tightly.
i. Amazed	extremely surprised.
j. Ambition	a strong desire for success, power or wealth

LANGUAGE WORK

A. Combine the following pairs of sentences with unless:  Answers Only;

1. Unless you run fast, you cannot catch the train.

2. Unless work hard, you cannot get a first class.

3. Unless you hurry, you will not catch the bus.

4. Unless you do as I tell, you will not regret it.

5. Unless you tell me about your problem I cannot give you some solution.

B. Match each clause from Column A with a clause from Column B and make meaningful sentences:

Ans.

1. If I had worked harder,      I would have got more marks.

2. If the driver in front had not stopped,        the accident would not have happened.

3. If the weather had not been so bad, we could have gone out.

4. If you have arrived earlier, you could have seen her.

5. If you have moved the injured to hospital immediately, you might have saved his life.

6. If you had not lent me the money, I would not have been able to buy a car.

GRAMMAR WORK

A. Report the following sentences in the indirect speech:

1. She said, “My father will return from Jammu tomorrow.”

Ans. She said that her father would return from Jammu next day.

2. They said, “We will die for the sake of our country.”

Ans. They said that they would die for the sake of their country.

3. The teacher said, “Baber won the first battle of Panipat.”

Ans. The teacher said that Baber won the first battle at Panipat.

4. I said to him, “You have made a false statement.”

Ans. I told him that he had made a false statement.

5. They said to us, “We will play a match tomorrow.”

Ans. They told us that they would play a match next day.

6. I said to him, “I am an early riser.”

Ans. I told him that I was an early riser.

7. He said, “My father died last year.”

Ans. He said that his father died previous year.

8. She said to me, “The climate of this place does not suit me.”

Ans. She told me that the climate of that place did not suit her.

9. I said to the peon, “All your faults will be pardoned if you confess them.”

Ans. I told the peon that all his faults would be pardoned if he confesses them.

10. I said, “I shall finish my work as early as I can.”

Ans. I said that I should finish my work as early as I could.

B. Change the following sentences into direct speech:

1. The employer warned him that he would be dismissed if he did attend the office.

Ans. The employer said to him, “You will be dismissed if you do not attend the office.”

2. Sanjay said that his brother had met with an accident the previous day.

Ans. Sanjay said, “My brother has met with an accident yesterday.”

3. I informed him that I might not come the next day.

Ans. I said to him, “I may not come tomorrow.”

4. The principal announced that the next day would be the holiday.

Ans. The principal said, “Tomorrow will be holiday.”

5. The teacher told us that we were intelligent and hard working.

Ans. The teacher said to us, “You are intelligent and hard working.”

Munshi Premchand -upanyas samraat essay in hindi

 

उपन्यास सम्राट मुंशी प्रेमचंद  पर निबंध

एक हिंदी पाठ- चन्दर उदय सिंह द्वारा

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Munshi Premchand

(जन्म- 31 जुलाई, 1880, मृत्यु- 8 अक्टूबर, 1936)

 

प्रस्तावना :     मुंशी प्रेमचंद भारत के उपन्यास सम्राट माने जाते हैं जिनके युग का विस्तार सन् 1880 से 1936 तक है। प्रेमचंद का वास्तविक नाम धनपत राय श्रीवास्तव था। जन्म और विवाह : प्रेमचंद का जन्म वाराणसी से लगभग चार मील दूर, लमही नाम के गांव में 31 जुलाई, 1880 को हुआ। प्रेमचंद के पिताजी मुंशी अजायब लाल और माता आनंदी देवी थी। प्रेमचंद का बचपन गांव में बीता था। उनके पिता, मुंशी अजायब लाल, डाकमुंशी थे और उनका वेतन लगभग पच्चीस रुपए मासिक था। उनकी मां आनंद देवी सुंदर, सुशील और सुघड़ महिला थीं।

जब प्रेमचंद पंद्रह वर्ष के थे, उनका विवाह हो गया। सन 1905 के अंतिम दिनों में आपने शिवरानी देवी से शादी कर ली। शिवरानी देवी बाल-विधवा थीं। यह कहा जा सकता है कि दूसरी शादी के पश्चात् इनके जीवन में परिस्थितियां कुछ बदली और आय की आर्थिक तंगी कम हुई। इनके लेखन में अधिक सजगता आई। प्रेमचंद की पदोन्नति हुई तथा यह स्कूलों के डिप्टी इन्सपेक्टर बना दिए गए।

शिक्षा :    गरीबी से लड़ते हुए प्रेमचंद ने अपनी पढ़ाई मैट्रिक तक पहुंचाई। जीवन के आरंभ में ही इन्हें गांव से दूर वाराणसी पढ़ने के लिए नंगे पांव जाना पड़ता था। इसी बीच में इनके पिता का देहांत हो गया। प्रेमचंद को पढ़ने का शौक था, आगे चलकर वह वकील बनना चाहते थे, मगर गरीबी ने इन्हें तोड़ दिया। प्रेमचंद ने स्कूल आने-जाने के झंझट से बचने के लिए एक वकील साहब के यहां ट्यूशन ले लिया और उसी के घर में एक कमरा लेकर रहने लगे।

इनको ट्यूशन का पांच रुपया मिलता था। उन्होंने इलाहाबाद विश्वविद्यालय से अंग्रेजी साहित्य, पर्सियन और इतिहास विषयों से स्नातक की उपाधि द्वितीय श्रेणी में प्राप्त की थी।

साहित्यिक जीवन : प्रेमचंद उनका साहित्यिक नाम था और बहुत वर्षों बाद उन्होंने यह नाम अपनाया था। उनका वास्तविक नाम 'धनपत राय' था। जब उन्होंने सरकारी सेवा करते हुए कहानी लिखना आरंभ किया, तब उन्होंने नवाब राय नाम अपनाया। बहुत से मित्र उन्हें जीवनपर्यंत नवाब के नाम से ही संबोधित करते रहे। जब सरकार ने उनका पहला कहानी-संग्रह, 'सोजे वतन' जब्त किया, तब उन्हें नवाब राय नाम छोड़ना पड़ा। बाद का उनका अधिकतर साहित्य प्रेमचंद के नाम से प्रकाशित हुआ।

साहित्य की विशेषताएं : प्रेमचंद की रचना-दृष्टि, विभिन्न साहित्य रूपों में, अभिव्यक्त हुई। वह बहुमुखी प्रतिभा संपन्न साहित्यकार थे। प्रेमचंद की रचनाओं में तत्कालीन इतिहास बोलता है। उन्होंने अपनी रचनाओं में जन साधारण की भावनाओं, परिस्थितियों और उनकी समस्याओं का मार्मिक चित्रण किया। 

प्रेमचंद की कृतियां भारत के सर्वाधिक विशाल और विस्तृत वर्ग की कृतियां हैं। उन्होंने उपन्यास, कहानी, नाटक,  आदि अनेक विधाओं में साहित्य की सृष्टि की, किंतु प्रमुख रूप से वह कथाकार हैं। उन्हें अपने जीवन काल में ही उपन्यास सम्राट की पदवी मिल गई थी। उन्होंने कुल 15 उपन्यास, 300 से कुछ अधिक कहानियां, 3 नाटक, 10 अनुवाद, 7 बाल-पुस्तकें तथा हजारों पृष्ठों के लेख, संपादकीय, भाषण, भूमिका, पत्र आदि की रचना की।

जिस युग में प्रेमचंद ने कलम उठाई थी, उस समय उनके पीछे ऐसी कोई ठोस विरासत नहीं थी उस समय बंकिम बाबू थे, शरतचंद्र थे और इसके अलावा टॉलस्टॉय जैसे रुसी साहित्यकार थे। उन्होंने गोदान जैसे कालजयी उपन्यास की रचना की जो कि एक आधुनिक क्लासिक माना जाता है।

पुरस्कार : मुंशी प्रेमचंद की स्मृति में भारतीय डाक विभाग की ओर से 31 जुलाई, 1980 को उनकी जन्मशती के अवसर पर 30 पैसे मूल्य का एक डाक टिकट जारी किया। गोरखपुर के जिस स्कूल में वे शिक्षक थे, वहां प्रेमचंद साहित्य संस्थान की स्थापना की गई है। इसके बरामदे में एक भित्तिलेख है। यहां उनसे संबंधित वस्तुओं का एक संग्रहालय भी है। जहां उनकी एक आवक्षप्रतिमा भी है।

प्रेमचंद की पत्नी शिवरानी देवी ने प्रेमचंद घर में नाम से उनकी जीवनी लिखी और उनके व्यक्तित्व के उस हिस्से को उजागर किया है, जिससे लोग अनभिज्ञ थे। उनके ही बेटे अमृत राय ने 'कलम का सिपाही' नाम से पिता की जीवनी लिखी है। उनकी सभी पुस्तकों के अंग्रेजी व उर्दू रूपांतर तो हुए ही हैं, चीनी, रूसी आदि अनेक विदेशी भाषाओं में उनकी कहानियां लोकप्रिय हुई हैं।

उपसंहार :     प्रेमचंद ने अपने जीवन के कई अद्भुत कृतियां लिखी हैं। तब से लेकर आज तक हिंदी साहित्य में ना ही उनके जैसा कोई हुआ है और ना ही कोई और होगा।

अपने जीवन के अंतिम दिनों के एक वर्ष को छोड़कर उनका पूरा समय वाराणसी और लखनऊ में गुजरा, जहां उन्होंने अनेक पत्र-पत्रिकाओं का संपादन किया और अपना साहित्य-सृजन करते रहे। 8 अक्टूबर, 1936 को जलोदर रोग से उनका देहावसान हुआ।

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🌟https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEDIpQM03Hd9ZZos4UnlC9Q?view_as=subscriber