Saturday, June 5, 2021

Environment essay in hindi

 पर्यावरण पर निबंध हिन्दी


पर्यावरण शब्द का निर्माण दो शब्दों परि और आवरण से मिलकर बना है, जिसमें परि का मतलब है हमारे आसपास अर्थात जो हमारे चारों ओर है, और 'आवरण' जो हमें चारों ओर से घेरे हुए है। पर्यावरण उन सभी भौतिक, रासायनिक एवं जैविक कारकों की कुल इकाई है जो किसी जीवधारी अथवा पारितंत्रीय आबादी को प्रभावित करते हैं तथा उनके रूप, जीवन और जीविता को तय करते हैं।

संयुक्त राष्ट्र द्वारा घोषित यह दिवस पर्यावरण के प्रति वैश्विक स्तर पर राजनैतिक और सामाजिक जागृति लाने के लिए मनाया जाता है। इसकी शुरुआत 1972 में 5 जून से 16 जून तक संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभा द्वारा आयोजित विश्व पर्यावरण सम्मेलन से हुई। 5 जून 1973 को पहला विश्व पर्यावरण दिवस मनाया गया।

पर्यावरण के जैविक संघटकों में सूक्ष्म जीवाणु से लेकर कीड़े-मकोड़े, सभी जीव-जंतु और पेड़-पौधों के अलावा उनसे जुड़ी सारी जैव क्रियाएं और प्रक्रियाएं भी शामिल हैं। जबकि पर्यावरण के अजैविक संघटकों में निर्जीव तत्व और उनसे जुड़ी प्रक्रियाएं आती हैं, जैसे: पर्वत, चट्टानें, नदी, हवा और जलवायु के तत्व इत्यादि।


सामान्य अर्थों में यह हमारे जीवन को प्रभावित करने वाले सभी जैविक और अजैविक तत्वों, तथ्यों, प्रक्रियाओं और घटनाओं से मिलकर बनी इकाई है। यह हमारे चारों ओर व्याप्त है और हमारे जीवन की प्रत्येक घटना इसी पर निर्भर करती और संपादित होती हैं। मनुष्यों द्वारा की जाने वाली समस्त क्रियाएं पर्यावरण को प्रत्यक्ष और अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से प्रभावित करती हैं। इस प्रकार किसी जीव और पर्यावरण के बीच का संबंध भी होता है, जो कि अन्योन्याश्रि‍त है।

मानव हस्तक्षेप के आधार पर पर्यावरण को दो भागों में बांटा जा सकता है, जिसमें पहला है प्राकृतिक या नैसर्गिक पर्यावरण और मानव निर्मित पर्यावरण। यह विभाजन प्राकृतिक प्रक्रियाओं और दशाओं में मानव हस्तक्षेप की मात्रा की अधिकता और न्यूनता के अनुसार है।


पर्यावरणीय समस्याएं जैसे प्रदूषण, जलवायु परिवर्तन इत्यादि मनुष्य को अपनी जीवनशैली के बारे में पुनर्विचार के लिये प्रेरित कर रही हैं और अब पर्यावरण संरक्षण और पर्यावरण प्रबंधन की आवश्यकता महत्वपूर्ण है। आज हमें सबसे ज्यादा जरूरत है पर्यावरण संकट के मुद्दे पर आम जनता को जागरूक करने की

Friday, June 4, 2021

Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years JKBOSE History Social Science Chapter 1

JKBOSE Solutions For Class 7 

History Social Science Chapter 1 

Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years




Question 1. Who was considered a ‘foreigner’ in the past?
Answer:  The term ‘foreigner’ is used in the sense of a person who is not an Indian. In the medieval period it was applied to any stranger who appeared, say in a given village, someone who was not a part of that society or culture. In this sense a forest-dweller was a foreigner for a city-dweller. But two peasants living in the same village were not foreigners to each other, even though they may have had different religious or caste backgrounds.

Question  2. State whether true or false:
We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700.
The Maraihas asserted their political importance during this period.
Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with the spread of agricultural settlements.
Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlled Assam, Manipur and Kashmir.

Answer:  (a) False; (b) False; (c) True; (d) False

Question 3. Fill in the blanks:
(a) Archives are places where………….. are kept.
(b) …………….was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
(c) ……., ……., ………, ……… and ………… were some of the crops introduced into the subcontinent during this period.
Answer:  (a) Manuscripts
(b) Ziyauddin Barani
(c) Potatoes, corn, chillies, tea, coffee.

Question 4. List some of the technological changes associated with this period.
Answer: Some of the technological changes associated with this period are:
  1. Persian wheel in irrigation.
  2. Spinning wheel.
  3. Fire-arms in combat.

Question 5. What were some of the major religious developments during this period?
Answer:  Some of the major significant religious developments occurred in Hinduism. The worship of new deities, the construction of temples by royalty and growing importance of Brahmanas, the priests, as dominant groups in society were the new changes. Brahmanas’ importance grew due to their knowledge of Sanskrit language. They were patronized by the Emperors. The idea of bhakti emerged among people. The merchants and migrants brought with them the teachings of Quran, the holy book of Muslims.




Question 6. In what ways has the meaning of the term ‘Hindustan’ charged over the centuries?
Answer:
The meaning of the term ‘Hindustan’ has changed over the centuries in the following manner:
In the thirteenth century Minhaj-i-Siraj used the term ‘Hindustan’. He meant areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between Ganga and Yamuna. He used this term in a political sense that were a part of the dominions of the Delhi Sultanate. The term never included South India.
In the sixteenth century poet Babur used the term ‘Hindustan’ to describe the geography, the fauna and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent.
In fourteenth-century poet Amir Khusrau used the term ‘Hind’ in the same sense as Babur did in the sixteenth century.
‘Hindustan’ did not carry the political and national meanings as the term ‘India’ does today.

Question  7. How were the affairs of jatis regulated?

Answer:
The affairs of jatis were regulated in the following way:
Jatis formed their own rules and regulations.
There was an assembly of elders called jati panchayat.
It enforced the rules and regulations.
Jatis were also directed to follow the rules of the village.
Several villages were governed by a chieftain.

Question 8. What does the term pan-regional empire mean?
Answer:  The term ‘pan-regional’ was used in the sense of the areas of empires spanning diverge regions. The dynasties like Cholas, Khaljis, Tughluqs, and Mughals extended their empires pan-regional. Though, not all these empires were equally stable or successful. But pan-regional rule altered the character of the regions. Most of the regions across the subcontinent were left with the legacies of the big and small states that had ruled over them. The emergence of many distinct and shared traditions in governance the economy elite cultures and languages were some of the prominent factors that took place as a result of pan-regional rules.



Question 9. What are the difficulties historians face in using manuscripts?
Answer: Historians faced a lot of difficulties while using manuscripts because:
There was no printing press in the 13th and 14th centuries. Scribes in those days made manuscripts by hand. To copy was not an easy exercise. Scribes could not read the handwriting of the other writers. They were forced to guess. So there were small but significant differences in the copy of the scribed. These small words or sentences here and there grew over centuries of copying. The manuscripts of the same text became a great extent different from the original.

Question 10. How do historians divide the past into periods? Do they face any problems in doing so?
Answer: Historians divide the past into periods on the basis of continuity. This continuity is further based on:
  1. Coins
  2. Inscriptions
  3. Architecture
  4. Textual records
But they face difficulties in doing so as discontinuity exists. Textual records increased tremendously. They gradually displaced other types of available information. Thousand years of human history (or of any country or region) witnessed a number of changes. After all, the ancient history of India is different from that of the other two periods i.e., the medieval period and modem period. Therefore describing the entire period as one historical unit is not an easy task.


Question 11. Compare either Map 1 or Map 2 with the present-day map of the subcontinent listing as many similarities and differences as you can find.
Answer:  Map 1 and Map 2 given in the NCERT Textbook represent two different times. Map 1 was made in 1154 CE by al-Idrisi, an Arab geographer. This section is a detail of the Indian subcontinent from his larger map of the world. Map 2 was made by a French cartographer in 1720. Both maps are quite different from each other, even though they represent the same area. In Map 1 we find south India at the place where we would expect to find north India and Sri Lanka is the island at the top. The place names are in Arabic. Some familiar places like Kanauj in Uttar Pradesh have been spelt as Qanauj. In comparison to this Map 2 was made nearly 600 later after Map 1. By that time information about the subcontinent had changed a lot. This map appears to be more familiar to us. The coastal areas, particularly, are more detailed.

 
Question 12. Find out where records are kept in your village or city. Who writes these records? Is there an archive? Who manages it? What kinds of documents are stored there? Who are the people who use it?
Answer: Records are kept in our city at the archives. These records are written by the officials of the Revenue Department. The in charge of the Archives/ Deputy Director of Archives manages these records. Rare manuscripts, government records, and other valuable books, etc. are stored there. Scholars, researchers, and government officials use them.

On Equality chapter 1 Pol Sc. class 7th

JKBOSE Solutions For Class 7 Civics Social Science Chapter 1 

Equality in Indian Democracy



Exercise

Question and Answers:

Question 1. In a democracy why is Universal Adult Franchise important?

Answer: In a democracy, the Universal Adult Franchise is important because of the following reasons:

Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, and for the people.

Every adult irrespective of caste, creed, religion, region, sex, the rich or poor background is allowed to vote. This is called a universal adult franchise.

The concept of the universal adult franchise is based on equality. In a democracy every citizen is equal.


Question 2. Re-read the box on Article 15 and state two ways in which this Article addresses inequality?
Answer: This Article addresses inequality in terms of access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment, or [b] the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of state funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.


Question 3. In what ways was Omprakash Valmikis experience similar to that of the Ansaris?

Answer: Omprakash Valmiki’s experience was similar to that of Ansaris in the following ways:

Omprakash Valmiki was not allowed to sit with other students on the desks or mats.

Ansaris were not given apartments on rent in the locality of the people belonging to the Hindu religion.

Omprakash Valmiki was discriminated against on the basis of caste while Ansaris were discriminated against on the basis of religion.


Question 4. What do you understand by the term “all persons are equal before the law”? Why do you think it is important in a democracy?

Answer:By the term, “all persons are equal before the law”, we understand equality.

Equality is important in a democracy because democracy is the government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Equality is the essence of democracy.

If people are discriminated against on the basis of caste, creed, religion, sex, prosperity etc. the democracy will not survive.


Question 5. The Government of India passed the Disabilities Act in 1995. This law states that persons with disabilities have equal rights, and that the government should make possible their full participation in society. The government has to provide free education and integrate children with disabilities into mainstream schools. This law also states that all public places including buildings, school etc., should be accessible and provided with ramps. 

Look at the photograph and think about the boy who is being carried down the stairs. Do you think the above law is being implemented in his case? What needs to be done to make the building and accessible for him?
How would he is being carried down the stairs affect his dignity as well as his safety?

Answer: The boy in the photograph is disabled. As per the law this building should have been accessible for him. But we see the law is not being implemented in his case. He is being carried down by security personnels through stairs. This building does not provide ramps. The boy’s dignity is overlooked here. He may morally feel inferior. The way he is carried down the stars may prove dangerous. Law should take this case to the court.



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